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Basically, the procedure was similar to single-contrast acetylcholine arrest angiography using the pacemaker to terminate cardiac standstill. The catheter and a reservoir were filled with 15 ml of 75 percent sodium diatrizoate and connected to a specially designed CO 2 injector. When cardiac standstill resulted after the acetylcholine injection, the 15 cc of contrast material were propelled by 100 cc of 100 percent CO2 • Although well tolerated, contrast filling was again poor; therefore, very few patients were examined by this technique (Figure 28).

Under this circumstance, the CS is greatly enlarged. Opacification of the epicardial cardiac veins may be observed in late phases of coronary arteriograms. 17 Anatomy of the Coronary Vessels The Veins PVLV A FIG. 20: Anterior CA) and posterior CB) views of the heart showing the positions of the major cardiac veins. Figure 20 is a diagram of the major epicardial veins. 18 B Anatomy of the Coronary Vessels The Veins FIG. 21: Lateral view outlining the CS and the major epicardial veins. Figures 21 and 22 illustrate the main cardiac veins during the late stage of a coronary arteriogram.

B. Diagram showing patient connected to electrocardiograph , which triggers the injector via an electronic delay circuit. The first American-made injector used for phasic dye injection is shown in Figure 23. 23 Coronary Arteriography Techniques History of Coronary Angiography at the University of Minnesota FIG. 24: Lateral view of coronary arteriogram performed in 1956 using phasic dye injection. This illustrates the first documentation of Coil flow in a living man in our institution. 24 Coronary Arteriography Techniques History of Coronary Angiography at the University of Minnesota In the late 1950s, G.